Amelia Robles became noted for her ability with a pistol, even earning the rank of coronel (colonel). Health professionals also provided counseling for unwanted pregnancies. "La Adelita is a gender discourse created in the mid-twentieth century, which has remained in the memory of the Mexican Revolution. Las Adelitas are not just Mexican restaurants, they act like consulates of Mexican culture, where you will find a fair piece of Mexico in them. In fact, so many women immigrated that female veterans of the Mexican Revolution groups were formed. And I didnt get that, so I had to stand my ground and say: Ya basta. It was a lot faster, and it saved us a lot of problems.. And there were no elections for leadership positions. They left just before streets were barricaded off. The origins of La Adelita are in dispute, but it became popular during the war. ", This page was last edited on 28 January 2023, at 18:37. If we would have stayed there, Jensen says, we would have been gosh, I dont even think we would have made it.. I never got acknowledged, so I gave up, and I said: Forget this.. [30] There was a great need for protection for females as there would be very few males left in their villages, one of the reasons why revolutionary armies had such an easy time going to these villages and forcing the women to join them. La Adelita. [22] The horses were valued much more, and so when traveling by train, the horses rode inside train cars while women traveled on the roof. She was said to be friendly, bold, brave, and smart. The photo of her as a soldadera was published in the newspapers, and her antagonists attempted to use to say she was violating the neutrality of the medical organization. When scholars first began approaching her to talk about her experience in the Chicano Movement, they often showed her videos of the Moratorium. Only a few pictures bore their names. Adelita is the name of Cinderella and she has to have the courage to fight against the evil step mother and step sisters, and has to fight for the man that she falls in love with. NEW Book Launch - Order your FREE copy today! In popular culture, especially the movies of the 1940s and 1950s, Adelitas as combatants were depicted distant from the male heroes and sometimes as bad women. [6] Unable to find other jobs women joined to take care of the soldiers. LAS SOLDADERAS. [47] However, Jos Guadalupe Posada made a lithograph from the photo and published it as the cover for corridos about the revolution, titling the image "La Maderista. Carmen Serdn became prominent for her ability to procure supplies for troops. We did all the artwork. Adelita is a nickname given to women soldiers or soldaderas who fought along side men in battle during Mexico's Revolutionary War (1910-1920). [31] Especially once the kidnappings began to be more frequent, women who had initially stayed home decided to join the male family members that were fighting. But that was a constant thing at the coffeehouse, says Jensen, who was held at a jail overnight after police raided the coffeehouse that night. californiamexicocenter@gmail.com. Genres Action. que ademas de ser valiente era bonita If Adelita would like to be my wife, if Adelita would be my woman, I'd buy her a silk dress. Whatever the truth though, in Mexico and the U.S. today, Adelita has become an inspiration and a symbol for any woman who fights for her rights. The Mexican writer Carlos Monsivis once stated, The Revolution was a mans business, and women were the decorative backdrop . La Adelita is one of the most famous and representative ballads of the Mexican Revolution. And thats exactly what I did, she says. After Juarez passed away, a former colleague of his in the Mexican Army . On the heights of the sudden mountain range, It was an extremely important role since medical care was not available to most of the soldiers and these women were their only chance of survival if they were wounded. I would tell him: The janitors have to clean up the mess, and guess who the janitors are? she says. If Adelita were to leave with another man, 11, 2020 International Women in Mexico staged huge protests this week. [32] Just like Chico, numerous females joined the forces for the protection of male family members. Because of the strict gender roles and values deeply embedded in Mexican society, some of these female fighters were not accepted back into their hometown. Soldaderas, often called Adelitas, were women in the military who participated in the conflict of the Mexican Revolution, ranging from commanding officers to combatants to camp followers. Dressed in black and wrapped in rebozos, a long garment similar to a shawl, the women and teenagers marched while carrying white crosses bearing the names of Chicanos who had died in the Vietnam War. August 23, 2020. Then he softened. This is no Mama Juanitas. Ca. A police officer began to chase after Jensen and her friends. We had established a very family-oriented clinic, she says. Library of Congress, . The new 60-unit-fleet will reduce 7,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year, said head of the capital's Mobility Ministry, Andrs Lajous. To understand their story, it is important to understand just what the Revolution was. The Constitutionalist Army divisions now utilized trains rather than cavalry to move men and war materiel, including their horses, as well as soldaderas. After leaving the Brown Berets, Arellanes along with Jensen and her sister, Grace; Andrea and Esther Snchez; Lorraine Escalante; Yolanda Solis; and Arlene Snchez founded Las Adelitas de Aztln. One day, Snchez asked the girls to help distribute fliers. [25], One reason for joining the revolution was through brutal force. But it also felt very freeing. says Gloria Arellanes, the first woman to resign from the group. Como agradecimiento, le compuso el . In seventh grade, the two girls would often meet on the Snchez familys porch, listening to records and eavesdropping as David Snchez and his friends ran meetings inside the house. Finally, I . It was composed in honor of all the women who participated in the revolutionary war. He immediately ushered the girls to a back room. We didn't get the right order-the poblano chicken had zero poblano so our waitress told us it was the right meal"the poblano is very small because they disintegrated". Now, 50 years later, the events of the Aug. 29 Chicano Moratorium are ever more present in Jensens life. "[10] Most were likely lower class, rural, mestizo and Native women about whom little is known. However, Adelitas in these corridos are not portrayed as some kind of Amazon warrior. However, with more recent popular culture, even the image of female soldiers has become sexualized. Soldaderas, often called Adelitas, were women in the military who participated in the conflict of the Mexican Revolution, ranging from commanding officers to combatants to camp followers. So far, nothing further is known about her. Velardos role was recognized with a veterans pension in 1963 and acceptance into the Mexican Legion of Honor. Madres, hijas, esposas y amantes abandonaron su rol limitado a la esfera domstica. The corrido developed various regional versions, each claiming to be the original and most authentic. Director R. G. Avalos. Aunque "La Adelita" fue un corrido villista muy conocido en la Revolucin Mexicana, en realidad nadie sabe quin fue Adelita. In Memoriam: Jorge Gonzalez, Esq. Women sourced food and cooked it for individual soldiers. People ran in all directions. Las adelitas: Women who fought in the Mexican Revolution Mar. The soldaderas were responsible for aiding the army by finding food and caring for . [4], The largest numbers of soldaderas were in Northern Mexico, where both the Federal Army (until its demise in 1914) and the revolutionary armies needed them to provision soldiers by obtaining and cooking food, nursing the wounded, and promoting social cohesion. [6] Other military factions had camp followers to make food for the soldiers instead of the village system. They would also be given important information that they would have to relay between generals of the same army. Everybody kind of went their own way, Arellanes says. and praying were heard throughout camp. Most were likely anonymous, and nursed without being part of a formal organization or equipment. The Cristero War was a violent conflict between the Mexican government and Catholic . But when they asked Snchez if they could go along to the event, he told them, You girls are too young., The girls were undeterred. Flights Vacation Rentals Restaurants . [46] The founder of the Neutral White Cross, Elena Arizmendi Mejia was photographed as a soldadera, supposedly as a joke. "[2] Although some revolutionary women achieved officer status, coronelas, "there are no reports of a woman achieving the rank of general. They would have to smuggle hundreds and hundreds of rounds of ammunition to the fighting forces, especially from the United States into Mexico. Being on the roof in plain sight was even more dangerous. Several of them are refugees from Latin Am, "Thousands of Europeans in dozens of countries opened their doors to Ukrainians. The California-Mexico Studies Center (CMSC) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit whose mission is to research, develop, promote, and establish policies and programs between higher educational institutions and cultural organizations that will enhance the teaching, mobility and exchange of faculty, students, and professionals between California and the U.S. with Mexico and other nations in the Western Hemisphere. The photographs of Las Soldaderas and Elena Poniatowska's remarkable commentary rescue the women of the Mexican Revolution from the dust and oblivion of history. According to Arellanes, men in the group often gathered there to drink and fraternize after hours. These took their places in the firing lines and withstood hardship and machine gun fire as well as the men. It started as a peace march. Hay muchas historias; en una aparece como la amante de Villa, en otra como una intrpida soldadera de Ciudad Jurez. For that reason, Fonseca chose the name Las Adelitas. P utting pen to paper, Hilda Jensen . Im done., In a letter addressed to an official at the Brown Berets national headquarters, the women and girls of the Los Angeles chapter collectively resigned on Feb. 25, 1970, citing a great exclusion on behalf of the male segment. (Special Collections & Archives, John F. Kennedy Memorial Library, Cal State LA, Gloria Arellanes Papers). And I could not see. Im not going to give up what we do for people.. Y si Adelita se fuera con otro One of the reasons for the Revolution was to have some sort of land reform in Mexico, and since lower-class peoples lives depended on farming, it made sense to join the side they did. It mattered, she says, because it not only created unnecessary work for the women, but tarnished the centers reputation one theyd built from scratch. The food was also absolutely great, the Beef Nachos we ordered and finished them right away, the Pork . She is shown holding a .3030 carbine while seated on a low fence dressed in a skirt and blouse, with crossed bandoliers and two cartridge belts around her waist. Robles had learned to ride horses and shoot from an early age, and after the revolution started, Robles dressed as a man and ultimately became a colonel in the Legionary Cavalry. Female soldiers and solderedas usually came from different backgrounds. I didnt think nothing of it, he adds, describing those members as good guys who merely got together to drink a few beers., When asked if the men left the clinic ready to use the following morning, Snchez says, I think they went back and cleaned up the next day.. The photographs remind Poniatowska of the trail of women . These are the Adelitas and Valentinas celebrated in famous corridos mexicanos, but whose destiny was much more profound and tragic than the idealistic words of ballads. "[5], The term soldadera is derived from the Spanish word soldada, which denotes a payment made to the person who provided for a soldier's well-being. By 1920, lvaro Obregn was president, the last of the major rebel leaders to survive. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Historical Museum of the Mexican Revolution, "The Unrecognized Soldier of the Mexican Revolution: Petra Herrera and the Adelitas StMU Research Scholars", "Battleground Women: Soldadera and Female Soldiers in the Mexican Revolution", When Women Took Up Arms to Fight in Mexico's Revolution, La Adelita - Amparo Ochoa (Revolucin Mexicana), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Adelita&oldid=1142515556, Articles needing additional references from December 2013, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 21:04. These women played a variety of roles within the army including camp and medical care, soldier, spy, and some even commanded . Que no se dan por vencer [Who dont give up] Liberacin verdadera [True liberation]. And they came one time with a priest and said that they were taking the money away. [49] As a result, it made the idea of a female soldier synonymous with a soldadera and the idea of a camp follower was unimportant and therefore forgotten. Arellanes went on to open another clinic, La Clnica Familiar del Barrio, on Atlantic Boulevard, with an entirely new staff, some of whom went on to pursue careers in health and social work. Top tracks for Mariachi Las Adelitas UK 0:00 Click Here Songkick by Mariachi las Adelitas UK tour dates Track Mariachi Las Adelitas UK and never miss them live. Their role is more likely to be depicted as a kind of cabrona (bitch) in the sense of someone who cannot be dominated, someone who is willing and able to abandon her domestic roles to fight for the cause and not waiting for the permission of men to do so. Su boina caf ya se la quit [Shes taken off her brown beret] [6] This relationship required the willingness and commitment of women in the villages to make these tortillas for the soldiers all day and allow them to collect them later. His government would consolidate as the Partido Revolucionario Institucional, or Institutional Revolutionary Party, and rule Mexico until 2000. [14], In Northern Mexico, the early revolutionary forces (followers of Francisco I. Madero) that helped overthrow Porfirio Daz in 1911 lacked camp followers, because there was not much need for them. Robles lived as a man for the remainder of his long life, which was marked towards the end by various decorations acknowledging his distinguished military service: decoration as a veteran (veterano) of the Mexican Revolution and the Legion of Honor of the Mexican Army, and in the 1970s, the award of Mrito revolucionario. [6] There were many reasons these women joined the Revolution. encamped is found a regiment (Special Collections & Archives, John F. Kennedy Memorial Library, Cal State LA, Gloria Arellanes Papers), In a letter addressed to the Brown Berets national headquarters, the women of the Los Angeles chapter collectively resigned on Feb. 25, 1970, citing a great exclusion on behalf of the male segment., We have been treated as nothings, and not as Revolutionary sisters, they wrote. After the forced resignation and murder of Francisco I. Madero during the counter-revolutionary coup of February 1913, Madero's grave in Mexico City was subject to vandalism by adherents of the new regime. I ran into a lot of young women who go under the name Las Adelitas, Arellanes says. In addition to the traditional dishes, you can also try some of our Tequila and Mezcal variety. Any financial support or donations to enhance the mission of the CMSC would be greatly appreciated! Women who did manage to assume leadership positions were ridiculed as unfeminine, sexually perverse, promiscuous, and all too often, taunted as lesbians., At San Diego State University, women had leadership roles in the campus Chicano student group. women in the Mexican Revolution, characterizing Adela, the protagonist of "La Adelita," as a hero of the Revolution. "[20] Further Villista atrocities were reported in the Carrancista press. One is Hermila Galindo, who was involved in anti-Daz politics early with an important role in the Venustiano Carranza army. The brown berrets, a chicana female activism group calls them their inspiration. BESbswyBESbswy News 1 2 3 4 YouTube It is claimed by the local newspaper and other sources to be the resting place of the woman who inspired the corrido (ballad). "[3] Since revolutionary armies did not have formal ranks, some women officers were called generala or coronela, even though they commanded relatively few men. It began in 1910 as several uncoordinated revolts against the decades-long rule of President Porfirio Daz. I had reached a point where I had tried to make it good and make it work, she says. 11, No. Jensen got involved with the Brown Berets at 14, when she was in middle school, and has fond memories of working with female members. [5] According to some observers these women were also often of mestiza or indigenous origin. Often, she was the go-between for the male Brown Beret leaders and the female membership. Rated 1.0/5 with 2 reviews of Las Adelitas Mexican Grill "Please do not stop at this place!! With a platform that centered the experiences of working-class Mexican Americans dubbed Chicanos, the Brown Berets rejected assimilation into European American society and stood against the Vietnam War and police brutality. During the war itself, Adelitas were denigrated as marimachas (tomboys, to use a nice translation), not respectable women. In April 1913, the Mexican Herald newspaper reported that 40 women were captured from the town of Jojutla, by Zapatista armies, as well as all the women from a neighboring town two kilometers away. 2 And after the cruel battle had ended, and the troops returned to their camp, the voice of a weeping woman. Snchez today says he had a reason for his governing style.We saw that so many organizations fell apart because of the voting and because of the chisme [or gossip] and because of the arguments, which destroy most organizations, he says. [17] In the region where Constitutionalist general lvaro Obregn operated in Sonora, the network was less dense, there was more use of just cavalry, and fewer women and children. These kidnappings were no secret in Mexico and were frequently reported in the countrys newspapers. Las Adelitas (Americka), Prague: See 364 unbiased reviews of Las Adelitas (Americka), rated 4 of 5 on Tripadvisor and ranked #500 of 6,391 restaurants in Prague. Elena Poniatowska gives a slightly different account. Uno de los smbolos ms importantes en la poca de la Revolucin Mexicana fueron 'Las Soldaderas', o mejor conocidas como 'Adelitas'. [52], A lesser known corrido called "La Valentina" and was based on a female soldier named Valentina Ramirez that predates the Mexican revolution. In preparation for the event, they tried to learn the lyrics to a popular corrido titled La Adelita. But the song is really long. Through her work with the Brown Berets, Arellanes developed confidence in her abilities and found that she was able to galvanize volunteers. La Adelita war eine legendre Soldadera whrend der mexikanischen Revolution, die sinnbildlich fr den Mut und die Kraft der mexikanischen Frauen berhaupt steht. "[26] In another report, Reed recorded that women who were already soldaderas and whose man had fallen in battle often took up with another soldier. I first learned La Revolucin as a dancer with Roy Lozano's Ballet Folklrico de Tejas in the 1990s. By 1970, however, the founding chapter was tearing at the seams. [4] According to one scholar, she "refused sexual or sentimental links with the opposite sex, pledging to her comrades that she would shoot anyone who tried to seduce her. As in most wars, women participated, but they and their stories have been pushed into the background, both because of machismo and because of the real desire by men to keep their families out of harms way. [7] [8] In fact, most soldaderas "who were either blood relations or companions of a soldier usually earned no economic recompense for their work, just like those women who did domestic work in their own home."[5]. if by sea, in a warship; Villa's troops were then told to loot the bodies for valuables. After her first daughter was born in 1972, her decision to stay away from organizing was reinforced. When the [original] clinic closed, that was devastating for me, she says. It destroys something in you when you see that much pain. Later, when Arellanes raised her two sons, she wouldnt even let them have water guns. Mexican Cartonera: Paper, Paste and Fiesta, Mexican scientists helping to rid Galapagos of invasive plants, CDMXs Metrobus Line 3 now fully electric, Runner Citlali Moscote is first Mexican athlete to qualify for 2024 Olympics, U.S. sanctions 8 Mexican companies for timeshare fraud schemes, Cuetzalan, a pueblo mgico off the beaten path, US proposes new immigration rule to limit asylum eligibility, Mexico shuts down solar geoengineering projects, Elon Musk announces Tesla gigafactory coming to Nuevo Len. [Arrizn:90:1998] The name Soldadera comes from the Spanish word soldada, which is a term used to define the payment made to someone who cares for soldiers. Somebody got a wet T-shirt and put it on my face.. Since then, Arellanes has participated on dozens of panels and provided an oral history of her lived experience. As they ran, men in the crowd of protesters distracted the officers, allowing them to escape. [45] Another posed photo of Maderista soldaderas shown with bandoliers and rifles, with one Herlinda Gonzlez in it. When Pancho Villa banned soldaderas from his elite corps of Dorados within his Divisin del Norte, the incidence of rape increased. People were uncomfortable with the fact that women had fought in the war and did not want to acknowledge that that had happened. She died in 1971 in Texas and was buried in the town of Del Ro. Subscribe No upcoming concerts or festivals. [37], One of the most famous female combatants was Petra Herrera. After the Chicano Moratorium, I said no way am I going to put myself in jeopardy ever again, Jensen says. She asked Trevio to be identified, and to include her maiden name: Hilda Reyes. I went away for 40 years. The younger men participated with us, she says, but the older ones did not., Seeing no improvement with the situation at the clinic, Arellanes told Snchez, If you cant clean them up, then I need to leave. The name referred to the soldaderas who fought alongside the men during the Mexican Revolution. . During the Mexican Revolution, she recognized the men needed help, so she took up arms and led other . (Oscar Castillo). [1] " In many respects, the Mexican revolution was not only a men's but a women's revolution." [2] Las Adelitas, el secreto mejor guardado de la Revolucin Mexicana Estas mujeres desempearon un papel muy importante durante las guerrillas. [2] The song speaks of Adelita as someone who is pretty but has courage and is the object of desire for many of the soldiers. La Adelita, a female Mexican revolutionary icon usually depicted as a provocative woman, yet wearing bandoliers across her chest and a gun attached to her back, goes beyond the promiscuous woman often related to the previous description. Modern Day . [1] "In many respects, the Mexican revolution was not only a men's but a women's revolution. By then, Grace had ordered the group to run. Some other women carrying carbines, bandoleers [sic] and who were mounted, managed to slip into the ranks and came with us. para llevarla a bailar al cuartel. And we didnt say: Have an abortion or Do this, says Arellanes, underscoring that patients were always informed of all their choices. Two men flank the line of soldaderas, and two children also with bandoliers and rifles kneel in front of the group. Musician Alice Bag, a pioneer in the punk rock movement, honored the women by singing an as-yet unrecorded corridoabout Arellanes and the Adelitas. and discrimination which of late youve learned to articulate so well , And so you write poems speeches and little bits of Surrounded by plants at her home in El Monte, where a Bernie Sanders 2016 sign still adorns her front porch, Arellanes, now 74, says it wasnt until former Brown Beret Rosalo Muoz contacted her about participating in commemoration of the Chicano Moratorium in 2010 that she came back on the scene. In honor of the fearless women who fought in the Mexican Revolution and became known as Las Adelitas. As a result, Jensens mother opposed her participation in the group. Mexican Revolution Timeline and Primer Share: 7 Days in CDMX Practical Info for Visitors Ms Magdalena Turibus Mexico City The New Los Pinos Walking-est Mexico City neighborhoods Parks , New & Renewed > > Related Parque de la Ciudadela A classic Mexico City park that's also host to ongoing dance and musical events. [3] However this was not the case. "[4], She originally joined the revolutionary forces, joining her father in fighting the federal army because there had been a raid on her village by federal troops. Female soldiers, known as 'Las Adelitas', during the Mexican Revolution , Mexico,, Washington. And they threw him against the car. She first came to know about the group through Arlene Snchez, her best friend at Hollenbeck Jr. High, and sister of Brown Berets founder David Snchez. We forgot the words, says Arellanes. Female soldiers differed from soldaderas, but that does not discount all the valuable work soldaderas did for the Mexican Revolution. Nevertheless, the warfare similarities are evident. [7] Ranchera music realistically came later, towards the early 20th century. For soldaderas, the Mexican Revolution was their greatest time in history. (Dania Maxwell / Los Angeles Times). La palabra "Adelita" lleg a significar "soldadera", aunque la cancin en s exalta su belleza y emociones. Arizmendi was from an elite family and knew Francisco Madero before he was president. Her culture blog appears regularly onMexico News Daily. A ellas se les conoci como las "Adelitas". The position, she says, put her in a gray area. I could not breathe, she says. Everyone, including children, was killed. Images of female soldiers have become consumerist products portrayed as sexy females rather than portraying them as the revolutionary soldiers that they were. This is the opening sequence of the 2010 Festival original production, "Adelita! She also signals that sexism was not unique to this group, but rather a challenge women faced in organizations across the country, including the student group formerly known as MEChA and La Raza Unida, a political party. Die Adelita wurde in mehreren Corridos besungen, und sie taucht als Motiv in mehreren Bildern (z. I'd follow her by land and sea [4] These women ranged from young girls to middle-aged women and were from all over the country including, but not limited to, Oaxaca, Morelos, Tehuantepec, Central Mexico, and Sonora. But as thousands of people huddled around the stage waiting for the days programming to begin, Grace noticed smoke. soldadera. Leigh Thelmadatter arrived in Mexico 17 years ago and fell in love with the land and the culture. Fueron mujeres que adems de dedicarse a las labores domsticas, se hicieron cargo de alimentar a los soldados y guerrilleros, abastecer de armas a los ejrcitos. Winner of the Spring 2018 StMU History Media Award for Best Article in the Category of "Gender Studies" "La Adelita" was one of the most popular corridos, or songs of romance, during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920). For Villa biographer Friedrich Katz, "In moral terms, this execution marked a decisive decline of Villismo and contributed to its popular support in Chihuahua. An adelita with a toy horse takes part in the Revolution Day parade in Ajijic, Jalisco, Mexico. [4] From Oaxaca, she became "an explosives expert and known for her courage in battle. Ive been talking with the Berets, she says. Popular entre la tropa era Adelita They are the ones who make food and act as nurses. Their relationship soured, causing Herrera to split off and form her own all-women army of over 1,000. Y si Adelita quisiera ser mi esposa She saw a wave of people run in one direction, then the other. They went back to their normal lives. I was encouraged but bothered at t, CMSC Dreamers Presidential Pardon Campaign moves into 2nd Phase and Joins the L.A. MAY DAY COALITION -, California-Mexico Studies Center All Rights Reserved, The Chicana Revolt: Las Adelitas de Aztln, National Campaign to Restore DACA's Advance Parole, Humanitarian Advance Parole Assistance Program, Campaign for Immigrants Mental Health Services, National Campaign to Restore DACA's Advance Parole 2019 Report. Y se oa, que deca, aquel que tanto la quera: For her, its like living that day all over again. At its peak, the Brown Berets had as many as 55 chapters throughout the country, including the Southwest but also in states such as Kansas and Minnesota. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In 1969, the female members joined a hunger strike in solidarity with 26 prisoners protesting conditions at the Los Angeles County Jail. "They took my woman who is mine, and my commission and all my papers, and all my money. [12], The Federal Army had large numbers of camp followers, often whole families of the troops. As, el trmino de Adelitas se le acu a las fervientes mujeres que se alzaron en armas para luchar. Roles of Las Soldaderas. Cuisinires, infirmires, mres, les Adelitas ou soldaderas taient les femmes de la rvolution mexicaine, qui avec un chle et une jupe se sont jointes de nombreux hommes pour lutter contre le Porfiriato que le Mexique a connu pendant plus de 30 ans. Like their male contemporaries, most were doing the best they could during a bloody and chaotic civil war. Violence between citizens and federal troops ensues to this day, although perhaps not as overtly (due to the suppression by cartels and dictators).