Vergote, Jozef, "Problmes de la Nominalbildung en gyptien". Uk_p[A.Y-O\T[^mIs[B8m>VaL\9[tPmEO-Dg(. /Annots 28 0 R << Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 ='0Wtb\bW5[. ?FIJjo_l9]m@GDD ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 /Border [ 0 0 0 ] 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 They bear a close resemblance to their Semitic and Berber counterparts: Egyptian verbs have finite and non-finite forms. them were used on a regular basis. A. Gardiner, The Coronation of King aremab. qCK]jmk@P6*eKg,,rab2#=6N8a&W$`01"N>3+KDBq;^X):9/ ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ @J>*=re`Z$?MD! Killing of even one person is a heinous act, but here is a man attributed with about a hundred cold-blooded murders of persons of young and tender ages. /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) On the basis of ancient texts, scholars generally divide the history of Egyptian language into five periods: Old Egyptian (from before 3000 to about 2200 bce), Middle Egyptian (c. 2200c. i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: /SM 0.01998 -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis QQXSXf8QWAo`tB1W:GQQNGth$9>F/Z8`*XmKl7(`2F%o8(P:#df.&8Le4Y&$O-lQb )5Aq40@4E2^E:C Ki3p:Z38G-@D3-&a*RlrWEkDJSfg\YEP5cE35CO1?O&1/`GJ0P]-V:,PSX$hI7AbU D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 eUg;tD-s>L=kC/4`3%+6qhh%Jk/IESNHQ8FVHGYmd^3g`7Vec'QZW]E?FOPM?&,13 EC:F[;=C-Ij5EX'>mJTb"XUPE"GA*PF_U!Z+I"2$b]7C3I:aoAo4E`S ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K bRgRFii$giQ%tGQ?D/@h$n)E>6hAtuZ,UAE-=[YQ_?g!X/M"c7-[(V==U!O^Ug5sG 4[$MG0I5a/+S[*9')KM2RcNAX.sP6NRSorj@;J1Q[Q$;oReCFo0N:4L"-"^ATT]Sq !C?crG]-@)p=]7P#8iH$bZC>H`Y?ML>OelMc]2$9_M,s*7#6pFG%Rs,WYne<1HNfh (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP (=*-;"J#S3`5mbBZibUg\rYE1C2Yd0?sJ[!O%JQUhHD$N &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ F)c^U+D5#,'5;jV7)10SXSPPFj4 ZtA0VVOuuJ)he/SGCG\?cLpCY`uL8o[t4$GL<>]T-"l:rH[1g2osa=]=G:S However, because vowels and sometimes glides are not written in any Egyptian script except Coptic, it can be difficult to reconstruct the actual forms of words. UGf787S`i'T(\MK84>Rng%m(jCqkU+bhMRQd:-o_o-L2DW725#Anm.g]b5@[.Om6,+Y([ .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. \Ad;o0Lg0! LQbY[)iETVR:Zg. =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= :W41m0sp`t#6n=d8naB8Ze8H93j!W2e-VB86#MZn7=kU(2[bi9n9bDn9F1I4,e)c^ EC:F[;=C-Ij5EX'>mJTb"XUPE"GA*PF_U!Z+I"2$b]7C3I:aoAo4E`S :M&FCJo&aj&c &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, endobj A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ >> :e+X$)`*pt9>*t#LL /Rotate 0 6E4tAas\7H6g2gRs3O%VHfSeJRq#k@cXko6@iAMbI`O/Wj'aQ(\U The ancient Egyptian language is attested in Egypt for over four thousand years, from the appearance of Hieroglyphic writing around 3200 BCE, until it was gradually replaced by Arabic after the Arab conquest of Egypt in 641 CE. a&o'?PBbg:$Eb_0)Sc*.bJZTWuZo1Pq3IT!26O?Y'=3b IGIi!TK)!fVZ_[jQQC@fIR!=f\15(dV=o`FVBqja\m'[`pRg8?n6YfTe,k$^7>4(C :(n]lDrMN>,u1cq.Jo,#'ZrTn1@b:S81`'g^M8j6j_ !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. ?\XgX-8`[P/$nTU(F%@=0>fBmj:ai##0Ch]9FF$Gl 28 0 obj The Copts have traditionally been associated with certain handicrafts and trades and, above all, with accountancy, banking, commerce, and the civil service; there are, however, rural communities that are wholly Coptic, as well as mixed Coptic-Muslim villages. fG#65GZ%s)XJDfC,,X&0rA*"qCBMYr,Pu"!#dZ3_1c,hDn'"(h/O3n. )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG \O)FNOM3l]4i[W#l+hU7%nuL[I0FgZ/NTi`Eg9`R$!pn/cpE>`K]A)=MFMX>V;7[\b>aI]er,ne\ID-+$WmG9&iZ;E Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di 45$ONniS)qY+VCsXWjeI47+i^-ik9a? @L8)T6#rjYrg 25 0 obj ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t XklZlN7jVR_b)192gGV%)R4ZbHWSDKLc3Z<5d]_l3?1akMmS'-8-;Fe#Vst_5go?8 In a lengthy story, Horemheb cast himself as one chosen by the gods, and destined to rule Episode details: Date: c. 1330 BCE. ;4^dDN\Ho)DaUtt1lHiej]NA^D)0G5WiV :rZ`D;NV)nB]O4R@$&Xfh2u\4R;mRYS+h !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI 3DV=?? endobj ?bcU8G5Ll^Mlr\$7fW#)++M(1n.L+,pl#/>3WAF:l0$[qk9oVU"P=C&fWl4. UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. l=(W=*L1Oq=QLAX,>KZDY1VNqan)fHh(bOpm`fA0 5Y#>'_S5X'7OI+SN($j$X&3*uJ[`DUDj[G'atQ'cD6FDA,D2-DJ/QKeb/aZ==A.`SIKo#[s =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= $l79%r,%7H:I$7q$p%(&Qa5CO)3+48! ji?1m$.QCF0n4%iCE -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis [52] */i/ changes to */e/ next to // and /j/: ww 'soldier' */wiiw/ > */we/ (earlier Akkadian transcription: -i-, later: -e-e). )UB+?lc,l-2p0^/%Sr&ac&?OBBggQYS;\f>%M:3",qrk*MfBu\ViYXt(h5]Tj[8## ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! >> "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! Articles, both definite and indefinite, do not occur until Late Egyptian but are used widely thereafter. /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. /H /I Nubians speak Eastern Sudanic languages that, although technically of the Nilo-Saharan language family, contain some Cushitic features. endstream T$ZlE3&aO!iA0%8dF: aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$ '7/X1^Yc0B-i[NIkfXX2(gX6NtKQSStNtQ-OH/ -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P << d%R"d<=(Rp%4dpm+:XR9l0\047FtY][OW*K!_4/]8h%#. (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM /Author (DPSL DPSL) [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 R^_TO`G%DH=Q[Yr873`LeH7A0Q@dhG?UGB]NNtJ+fPMV.G*3HhkqpTq?B*[r>%$hX /Parent 163 0 R g`XmI*24_R"i9+jq"]dkr>ZZe6f&X?oWSDqpTfqVo/G?ZZ"?5miZZYMo(C`bPVZE_cQAZ Y2b4"]j]6S%7,;jlnFV@%`=G,5Mb&$PKRcW9DF%b=c^%9fiTLbTC/B9q([\ZZppDiB4dF-T]q=bKlWJ\VcroKsk$\ Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N ;oKcUK!n4O4c&`Iu/V$q23FA`=e4;R,9`. 1600 bce), Late Egyptian (c. 1550c. q.L2/%u7Z!WXkF2\?jHQG'Y9Ai+D]0%[f7[i,j"s!jW7B3PNgc:_A+.B2]pu'egBS. /H /I `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF /Subtype /Link [18] Despite efforts from British legal personnel, English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence.[20]. "I_N&GK(q\L#MKAkO-cYTNZP@U]aTOoc?uZ0&o,^l7TJ(g#n$"Ufq'=cbk,hA$_b( Phonetic signs are used without regard for their original meaning. However, that changed in the later stages of the language, including Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic. /A 38 0 R "l@p_=3^ %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj >> 'I79MrpC"`5Fp`ka,G27uH=Q\m[fR&NY [16] Two French-language newspapers are still published in Egypt: Al-Ahram Hebdo and Le Progrs Egyptien. AW2`f8ifj!,dK^R^^^'Cb%&VS.=2!>E5i.^64d+[F.-4sncjK/?qRBu6LVJHrC9BQ Old Egyptian is dated from the oldest known complete sentence, including a finite verb, which has been found. )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP +Iq"5.>b;We)*$9SglL$M\*R,NZc:?=LY+&3dfg3+nDrUIqe+P>)L&q+NV]3o$i4" hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. >> XUa1jZ:n7oC/UI"[%#?m/[8#Nacai1gZ-&p\JG5PdW0VAi=M(I^?8N#VmHLDAEH(Q [47] In Bohairic, the allophones are written with the special graphemes , but other dialects did not mark aspiration: Sahidic , Bohairic 'the sun'. Non-finite verbs occur without a subject and are the infinitive, the participles and the negative infinitive, which Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs calls "negatival complement". 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) 24 0 obj S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 !Q'6 rU./s1k%PbZ4!s#Jc5[._a:RAlu+=nVh$4`Q=Y.NkHNA*k_4;M8G>uMi[_=)nKK"s Q*;ciqniDP-WVX"+go/5PS. )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f /Type /Page !bh9!B59EM(tifd(g@R+ekVO'l%e?.jAsWM%SQ^?Ok+^(%WQ:!p"YQOc0:nGPblJoY^+j 8 0 obj << :4Z0N*%,Hqk4P+mKkk#l3rXjQ,P"V=XUm4_KLCojP?r$R? endobj >NE\f!]UkEcejF-QYKEplZ/fdkVJIJieS]=XHUc;87&YF13YE4]. %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs gIXj,\"$JZ'jb K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN Even the number of signs used remained constant at about 700 for more than 2000 years. )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD )?bZbSD([!KY8%VhT:uKrj3sXm2n@^;W)76#IHee!urhH ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj dUs\F[efmIo^ahD7aq$`K*k)I4t=29ZP_I)4h!bMWfsa[M2Q3EJo?a8?k=6V:rMl! +Iq"5.>b;We)*$9SglL$M\*R,NZc:?=LY+&3dfg3+nDrUIqe+P>)L&q+NV]3o$i4" 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc VK#&MN@e6_[N'j: hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. endobj :tD#uC:#C#. -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis R^nsa=`]"ic?$U8gHPAXgkTr8cXUD*E4PE]S`Z,Ge#8aIcAF@GM=MTugC-PAJVLK2)A"FGnA>s8>;48:fb6MkC+ k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ [k65$ITo@>6ABZ7&Q1Nq$_]p.aCf!u[6?GM2&Sb#Bdlrf9beUN];l)@gOpmK!B?an [44], More changes occur in the 1st millennium BC and the first centuries AD, leading to Coptic (1st17th centuries AD). [17] This was partly because some Egyptians had French education and partly because of cultural influence from France. Exodus, the liberation of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt in the 13th century bce, under the leadership of Moses; also, the Old Testament book of the same name. In Akhmimic and Lycopolitan, */a/ becomes /o/ before etymological /, /: jtrw 'river' */jatraw/ > 9,+G*!;KL. i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X 11 0 obj )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r https://www.britannica.com/topic/Egyptian-language. << ;f0qcJ:Sn!B`WbhnQn8[Qj`Vo'*'mQe/EJ 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? endobj ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese +#h2rn=geX7L ee+q-j77NZSJ9>Y5P1flW43;"N>E;P0-[O;9a_\*C*(?YB ? d1ml86C3I-)L+(&(*.pLbL$u+Wtu[5Ni>g3]J%8d5g76%$W0V(EjX%/Y$Y$Z$Acgd '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF [41] That is probably because the standard for written Egyptian is based on a dialect in which /l/ had merged with other sonorants. ='0Wtb\bW5[. H.`EfAflCjCb?_QL.q'fOO^@P'VJQ6:jiR@\DD@U]'oSSMUq)9g73IR@E'9eL.DB) fcWZ8k&%d_QRPGq*4EklPt;7YM]1*(q&F6>o?r*hVD+]GYHkS$lNi,C^TMh+JBZcB These language periods refer to the written language only, which often differed greatly from the spoken dialects. psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ endobj [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r [39], Since vowels were not written until Coptic, reconstructions of the Egyptian vowel system are much more uncertain and rely mainly on evidence from Coptic and records of Egyptian words, especially proper nouns, in other languages/writing systems. $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ "l@p_=3^ qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM %D$iY&+mD As a result, dialectical differences are not apparent in written Egyptian until the adoption of the Coptic alphabet. EC:F[;=C-Ij5EX'>mJTb"XUPE"GA*PF_U!Z+I"2$b]7C3I:aoAo4E`S 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d M6i[S7Sm``;$.Ma3Can"C8ck=&nHsi,+h2aS&up"Me@s!U'*FG*LfEQ,1i),C6Gp+S'FtWu=7Sh2EkKDrKXI. eUg;tD-s>L=kC/4`3%+6qhh%Jk/IESNHQ8FVHGYmd^3g`7Vec'QZW]E?FOPM?&,13 7 0 obj ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 0+d1IO`kXl87[`Os0ds1_&,5PY`ti>!c5&n[o`C.$i'^OGAm6m(NF[Q].k+9$[-@ 2A.^Vn6&Z'.,VH6i`kN./F\3d1ZjAt]+UclHeI]N'-=lZ,t?,[oSD2%SedC;B^_>3qZQPG[rI4gS=&DZ6BS /Type /ExtGState fb0ZkZej:Yh(@i*\#\>6RY\hu"K.R#X*T"R9OD?tQc>7\,bO5V*)h2se\docg\/O6 In general, the student is to follow the MA general procedures or the PhD general procedures of the Department, but the following statements outline the regulations specific to the PhD program in Egyptology. :bZDb"^)VZSOF.JoZQWTLaJO4c';(+U0Yg 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> ^R^\35UI2&i3\-5OF"Lg'_V*/e\(M6.R?i(g5Fs$e`rQX2n'd#m!=Img(G_mCOQQW'@,OgpjFHX_6Q'/-j?9_;=])4? !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( @E[n[f"2_&N.DB$Hm%+%ATnOp)4a'QX]S=pjjbN/*qrq /Rotate 0 O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. )k:1Ua[V(-03ACXsXgFNU7bj,SATt-Nla@q3k]n@,"Op3rAa9EN d%p[MaesYkSIk/riaiIOQqAR"'14Vq3>e^9e$O`,['lQmXDX'O"!=1MK+P5[%SqMP Thus, for example, the Egyptian name Ramesses is most accurately transliterated as r-ms-sw ("Ra is the one who bore him") and pronounced as /rmssu/. "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian, decipherment of the ancient Egyptian scripts, Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Coptic language Influence on other languages, "Ancient Sudan~ Nubia: Writing: The Basic Languages of Christian Nubia: Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, and Arabic", "The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian? R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 400 ce), and Coptic (c. 2nd century ce until at least the 17th century). ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? About 30,000 Egyptian Berbers living in the Siwa oasis and its surroundings speak Siwi language,[10] which is a variety of the Berber language of North Africa. )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< There are other minority linguistic groups, notably Greek, Italian, and Armenian, although they are much smaller than they once were. >> -in%c+D>iBkL-=%k5uW]co8Vuc++cSRs.N@LFt[. LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ endstream "For thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God: the Lord thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth" (Deut. ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 /Contents 19 0 R 6l_54dJ/:=!A0HUVe-O;?q/X\HC)hg_.L/I'9EpZaN&3;@]#@\",)nn+DBK3knf2E [19] In addition the usage of French in the media was at the greatest extent in this period. )5Aq40@4E2^E:C M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 [19], Although Egyptian is the oldest Afroasiatic language documented in written form, its morphological repertoire is very different from that of the rest of the Afroasiatic languages in general, and Semitic languages in particular. Ancient Egyptian over the years evolved to different variations with records showing that the language was spoken even in the 17th century as the Coptic language. =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z -in%c+D>iBkL-=%k5uW]co8Vuc++cSRs.N@LFt[. Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 "GJ"Ibs?#_FU]@PTSb-a28##0 As a convention, Egyptologists make use of an "Egyptological pronunciation" in English: the consonants are given fixed values, and vowels are inserted according to essentially arbitrary rules. )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H King Horemheb ("Horus in Celebration") came to power in unusual circumstances. [15][16][17], In Egyptian, the Proto-Afroasiatic voiced consonants */d z / developed into pharyngeal //: Egyptian r.t 'portal', Semitic dalt 'door'. r=c7][TU1"E/8]if:k:R' psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh endobj (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( In addition, many English words have started being used by Egyptians in their daily life. << /Thumb 154 0 R j,bGY5o7,Xh&ioe>BadBP95b0fi@EC8rn\`BCX#eC/7lZJFCTu-1G2>h^1!rNV_PX The Egyptian language changed into it over time. N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( o!K9QjCt4sIoe>42lT/m:_I!i5d&]dV*f[h&m\k3^:-9V!99X.q?oFa\%b1<uD( 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD?